The Mind Control Myth
(Page 2 of 2)
March-April 1999
by Miriam Karmel Feldman
Members of the Center for Feeling Therapy—an offshoot of Arthur Janov's primal scream therapy—underwent similar abuses during the 1970s, but brainwashing is a simplistic explanation for what happened to them, says Marybeth F. Ayella in Insane Therapy: Portrait of a Psychotherapy Cult (Temple University Press, 1998). Based on interviews with former center members, Ayella describes a system of isolation and physical and verbal abuse used to break them down. Staff psychologists convinced them that they were crazy and could not function in the outside world. The center flourished for 10 years, beginning in 1971, and at its peak, 300 individuals lived in its “therapeutic community” in Los Angeles while 600 were treated as outpatients.
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Why are people drawn to cults? And more importantly, why, in the face of such extreme abuse, do they stay? There has to be an initial attraction, Ayella argues. There has to be a fit between the individual and the group. Center for Feeling Therapy members, for example, were seeking change in their lives. They stayed on even when they encountered abusive treatment, and after the center collapsed they had trouble assuming their former identities. They had, according to Ayella, undergone “extreme identity change.”
But were they brainwashed? Ayella prefers to say they were “influenced.” She draws on a body of social science literature that theorizes how individuals are affected by authority figures and peer pressure. These theories suggest conditions that are necessary to make individuals vulnerable to the power of social influence:
- A system of strong control over all aspects of group life. Isolation and communal living are particularly effective.
- Deference to a charismatic leader.
- Individual adherence to “the norm,” particularly when other group members appear to be in total agreement with the leader.
- A visible system of rewards for those who conform and punishment for those who do not.
.According to these theories, we are all vulnerable to influence. And at any given time, some 2 million to 5 million Americans are involved in an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 cults. As the year 2000 approaches, we are likely to see a growing interest in millenarian groups like Heaven's Gate.
But do all of these numbers add up to brainwashing? The academics are still debating that question. They may conclude that it is a matter of semantics. Whether Jim Jones actually controlled his followers' minds or whether they were vulnerable to his particular brand of influence and leadership may be debated for some time. But while the verdict is still out, we might consider the idea that we are all subject to influence, in which case the message might be as simple as it is timeworn: Question authority.
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