February 09, 2010
UTNE READER

The Mind Control Myth

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Members of the Center for Feeling Therapy—an offshoot of Arthur Janov's primal scream therapy—underwent similar abuses during the 1970s, but brainwashing is a simplistic explanation for what happened to them, says Marybeth F. Ayella in Insane Therapy: Portrait of a Psychotherapy Cult (Temple University Press, 1998). Based on interviews with former center members, Ayella describes a system of isolation and physical and verbal abuse used to break them down. Staff psychologists convinced them that they were crazy and could not function in the outside world. The center flourished for 10 years, beginning in 1971, and at its peak, 300 individuals lived in its “therapeutic community” in Los Angeles while 600 were treated as outpatients.

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Why are people drawn to cults? And more importantly, why, in the face of such extreme abuse, do they stay? There has to be an initial attraction, Ayella argues. There has to be a fit between the individual and the group. Center for Feeling Therapy members, for example, were seeking change in their lives. They stayed on even when they encountered abusive treatment, and after the center collapsed they had trouble assuming their former identities. They had, according to Ayella, undergone “extreme identity change.”

But were they brainwashed? Ayella prefers to say they were “influenced.” She draws on a body of social science literature that theorizes how individuals are affected by authority figures and peer pressure. These theories suggest conditions that are necessary to make individuals vulnerable to the power of social influence:

  • A system of strong control over all aspects of group life. Isolation and communal living are particularly effective.
  • Deference to a charismatic leader.
  • Individual adherence to “the norm,” particularly when other group members appear to be in total agreement with the leader.
  • A visible system of rewards for those who conform and punishment for those who do not.

.According to these theories, we are all vulnerable to influence. And at any given time, some 2 million to 5 million Americans are involved in an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 cults. As the year 2000 approaches, we are likely to see a growing interest in millenarian groups like Heaven's Gate.

But do all of these numbers add up to brainwashing? The academics are still debating that question. They may conclude that it is a matter of semantics. Whether Jim Jones actually controlled his followers' minds or whether they were vulnerable to his particular brand of influence and leadership may be debated for some time. But while the verdict is still out, we might consider the idea that we are all subject to influence, in which case the message might be as simple as it is timeworn: Question authority.

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Comments

  • Chuck Beatty 1/27/2009 10:24:49 AM

    I was almost 7 years in the "Rehabilitation Project Force" (Scientology staff elite's "prison/mind reform program", nicknamed the "RPF"), and I will gladly be interviewed.
    My total time on Scientology staff, 1975-2003, and my last 7 years was spent on the RPF, 1996-2003, I can thus answer questions for any researchers wishing a firsthand participant, willing and at times unwilling, to the Scientology lifetime staff "RPF" program. Most notable target of the "RPF" program for brainwashing, is the infamous "Truth Rundwon" fraud spiritual counseling procedure that is the main "spiritual" (it's fraud mental therapy in my opinion today) where we RPF members recanted our critical views of the "good" Scientology leaders and groups, and we were led to realign our thoughts in a totally positive fashion supportive of the Scientology lifetime staff organization which is named the Sea Organization, and also rejazzing up our support for the good leaders of the same. I'll talk. Who's doing any type of research?! There are plenty of us ex RPF members who've done 5-10 years on the damn RPF program. We'll goddamn talk! Who is goddman researching for real out there with guts to do the research!! Chuck Beatty, ex Sea Org member 1975-2003, Pittsburgh, USA, 412-260-1170. I realize research is a long haul hard job. I have been trying to encourage MORE academic research of the Scientology RPF, and there's pitiful interest! Only Professor Stephen Kent of Univ of Alberta is doing anything.
    Where are the damn researching academics willing to dig into the lives of the dozens and dozens of ex RPF members willing to talk! The "Truth Rundown" of the Scientology RPF program hasn't even been touched yet in print, except me, on anti Scientology chat sites!

  • John Gorenfeld 1/26/2009 5:18:08 PM

    As the author of a book on cult leader Sun Myung Moon, let me say that I am totally agnostic as to whether there is an important distinction between the storied art of "brainwashing" and your garden-variety manipulation and swindling that goes on in less-messianic settings, whether it's prison camps or Ponzi schemes.

    But your article overlooks the most explosive charge in Zablocki's research: that academics have allowed themselves to be corrupted by big money from Scientologists and other dictatorial churches with a vested interest in shutting down the discussion.

    I can't tell you how many people have told me how frustrated they've been to discover that their universities won't let them step on the toes of the "New Religions" patrolling the campus for lonely freshmen to recruit...whether it's putting the kibosh on a Cult Awareness program at U-Minn. or doing doctoral research into this stuff.

    The most astounding thing I learned via Zablocki's research was that the leading proponent of the P.C. theory of cults had actually taken cash from the Aum Supreme Truth guys to profess their innocence in Tokyo, after the group had gassed commuters in the mid-'90s.

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