It has become common to speak of an āepidemic of obesity.ā News sources routinely feature articles on obesity, and some even suggest that the obesity epidemic is one of the greatest public health threats of our times, perhaps rivaling AIDS or avian flu. Obesity is commonly linked to other social problems as well. It has been named as a cost to businesses in terms of worker productivity, a cause for poor pupil performance, a weight-load problem for airlines, and a security threat in terms of military preparedness. Proposed and implemented social solutions have included snack taxes, corporate-sponsored exercise breaks, stronger food labeling laws, and state-mandated student weigh-ins at public schools.
Obesity is a bonanza for social reformers who deploy the rhetoric of fat in support of projects from farm-to-school programs to mixed-use housing and transportation centers; and for puritans who use fatness as an example of the moral decrepitude to which we must just say no. Finally, the obesity epidemic, and its tendency to dignify obsessions that equate thinness and beauty, is hugely profitable, contributing, by some estimates, to a $40 billion-per-year weight-loss industry. Television shows like The Biggest Loser, sponsored by purveyors of diet foods, fitness centers, and pharmaceuticals, contribute to the false idea that diets work, thereby increasing the market for such goods and services. And if the daily spam I receive for Anatrim is any indication, the underground market in pharmaceuticals is cashing in, too.
A rash of popular books on the so-called obesity epidemic take a variety of positions, though virtually all claim to tell the real story about the epidemic and who is gaining by it. For example, J. Eric Oliverās Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind Americaās Obesity Epidemic, while voicing skepticism of the ways in which obesity has been framed, contributes to the frenzy through its tone.
Lately, another group of writers has gotten in on the act. More refined and measured, their books turn on the theme of āwhat to eatāāwhich is actually the title of Marion Nestleās most recent volume. Other books include Peter Singerās The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter, Anna LappĆ©ās Grub: Ideas for an Urban Organic Kitchen, and Jane Goodallās Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating. The sine qua non is Michael Pollanās The Omnivoreās Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. It is like no other because not only does Pollan know his stuff, he also can write his way out of a paper bag, and his book sales show it. Virtually all of these authors extol the virtues of the organic and the local while arguing for a commonsense, ecumenical approach to diet choices. That makes them refreshing in relation to the usual weight-loss books and painfully restrictive messages of latter-day health foodism. Or does it?
Many of these authors share a common rhetorical strategy. They refer to the statistics of rising obesity rates, the surfeit of calories taken in relative to those expended, and the inexorable road toward illness with concomitant rising health care costs. They go on to discuss the ubiquity of fast, junky food in order to make their points about what constitutes ārealā food. But whereas most of the popular writers on fat attribute growing obesity to a variety of culpritsāwatching television, long drive-to-work times, supermarket product placement, working mothers, baggy clothes, marketing to children, poverty, affluence, and modernity, basically everything under the sunāPollanās analysis is more pointed. As he puts it, āAll these explanations are true, as far as they go. But it pays to go a little further, to search for the cause behind the causes. Which, very simply, is this: When food is abundant and cheap, people will eat more of it and get fat.ā Pollan then points to the culprit: corn.
He tells a compelling story about how corn has become the foundation of the national diet. He traces this first to the transport of corn from what is now Mexico to points north, where it took hold and outdid wheat in yield and ease of cultivation. But cornās strength turned to its weakness; it was prone to systematic overproduction in U.S. agriculture, so surpluses ended up to no good. Corn whiskey was the beverage of choice in pre-Prohibition drinking binges. Since the 1970s, national farm policy has buttressed overproduction with subsidies. Pollan reminds us that corn is omnipresent in a fast-food meal: the high fructose corn syrup that sweetens the soda; the feed of the steer that goes into the hamburger; often the oil that fries the potatoes; an ingredient in the bun. Processed food, Pollan argues, makes us walking corn, and the āAlcoholic Republicā has now given way to āthe Republic of Fat.ā
Pollanās critique of the cost-cutting measures of the fast-food giants, the nutritional impoverishment of processed food, and an agricultural subsidy system that encourages ecologically problematic monoculture, horrendous animal treatment, and food dumping in the name of āaidā is spot-on. I could think of no clearer path to a more ecologically sound and socially just food system than the removal of those subsidies. Yet, in evoking obesity, Pollan turns our gaze from farm policy to the fat body. Should fat people bear the weight of this argument?
There is much to criticize in the public conversation about obesity. The evidentiary basis of an āepidemicā is weak, as it relies on changes in average body mass index, a contested way to measure obesity. Moreover, the relationship between food intake, exercise, and growing obesity is poorly understood. Michael Gard and Jan Wrightās exhaustive review of research shows that the notion that weight gain results from a surplus of calories has not been borne out; at best, caloric metabolism appears to explain less than half of body size variation. Finally, claims that obesity is a primary cause of disease are filled with logical flaws, chief among them that obesity may be symptomatic of diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Gard and Wright argue that obesity research itself has become so entangled with moral discourses and aesthetic values that the āscience of obesityā can no longer speak for itself.
Many authors of the recent popular books on diet seem unaware of how obesity messages work as admonishment. According to Paul Campos, author of The Obesity Myth: Why Americaās Obsession with Weight Is Hazardous to Your Health, the people most personally affected by discussions of obesity are those who want to lose 10 or 15 pounds, despite the fact that those who are āoverweightā by current standards have longer life spans than those who are āthinā or ānormal.ā In a course I taught, Politics of Obesity, I was not surprised by the number of students who wrote in their journals of their hidden āfatnessā or eating disorders. The number of entries that stated how the course itself had produced body anxiety and intensified concern over diet and exercise, however, was shocking, given that much of the material was critical of obesity talk. The philosopher Michel Foucault might have called this the āproductiveā power of obesity talkānaming a behavior as a problem intensifies anxiety about that behavior. Yet entirely absent from the pages of the recent popular books is any authorial reflection on how obesity talk further stigmatizes those who are fat, or on how this social scolding might work at cross-purposes to health and well-being.
But there is something even more disturbing about these books. Pollan claims that people eat corn because itās there. They are dupes. Jane Goodall makes a similar leap when she writes, āThere is no mechanism that turns off the desireāinstinct, reallyāto eat food when it is available.ā Even Marion Nestleās concern with supermarket aisles suggests that people mechanically react to product placement. This raises an important question: Why are Pollan, Goodall, and Nestle not fat? If junk food is so ubiquitous that it cannot be resisted, how is it that some people remain thin?
It appears that these authors see themselves as morally superior to fat people in the sense that they characterize fat people as being short of subjectivity. Goodall makes the above assertion having just written of āsad,ā āoverweight,ā āoverindulgedā cats and dogs being ākilled by kindness,ā seeming to equate fat people with pets. In the ādocumentaryā Super Size Me, virtually all shots of fat people are headless. Some might argue that having no personal identifiers protects fat people in the cameraās eye, but headlessness also invokes mindlessness. Moreover, protection assumes that fat people are ashamed of their bodies and their eating habits. This presumption is precisely the problem that Kathleen LeBesco captures in Revolting Bodies? The Struggle to Redefine Fat Identity, including her critique of the fat acceptance movement itself. At best, fat people are seen as victims of food, genetic codes, or metabolism; at worst, they are slovenly, stupid, or without resolve. Meanwhile, she notes, many thin people can indulge in all manner of unhealthy behaviors without being called to account for their body size. In other words, fat people are imbued with little subjectivity no matter what they do, while thin people are imbued with heightened subjectivity no matter what they do.
This is the most pernicious aspect of the analysis by Pollan and others. If junk food is everywhere and people are naturally drawn to it, those who resist it must have heightened powers. When Pollan waxes poetic about his own rarefied, distinctive eating practices, the messianic, self-satisfied tone is not accidental. In describing his ability to overcome King Corn, to conceive, procure, prepare, and serve his version of the perfect meal, Pollan affirms himself as a supersubject while relegating others to objects of education, intervention, or just plain scorn.
Even if it were true that obesity is a public health threat, even if it could be proven that it results from fast-food consumption, and even if we didnāt care about stigmatizing obesity or treating fat people as objects, is Pollanās way the way out? At the end of a book whose biggest strength is a section that lays out the environmental history and political economy of corn, his answer, albeit oblique, is to eat like he does. The meal that he helped forage and hunt and cooked all by himself, as he puts it, āgave me the opportunity, so rare in modern life, to eat in full consciousness of everything involved in feeding myself: For once, I was able to pay the full karmic price of a meal.ā To what kind of politics does this lead? Despite his early focus on corn subsidies, Pollan does not urge his readers to write to their congressional representatives about the folly of such subsidies, to comment to the Food and Drug Administration about food additives, or, for that matter, to sabotage fields where genetically engineered corn is grown.
Indeed, he makes no suggestion that we ought to alter the structure of the food system so that all might come to eat better. Pollan betrays himself in his admiration of Joel Salatin, a beyond-organic farmer who denounces federal regulation as an impediment to building a viable local food chain.
Unfortunately, this antiregulatory approach to food politics has taken hold. I have read countless undergraduate papers that begin with the premise that the global food system is anomic and that āif people only knew where their food came from,ā food provisioning would evolve to be more ecological, humane, and just. Many of my students have strong convictions that they should and can teach people how and what to eat, as if you could āchange the world one meal at a timeā without attention to policy.
I worry that Michael Pollan reinforces this privileged and apolitical idea and reinforces the belief that some peopleāthin peopleāclearly must have seen the light that the rest are blind to. Pollan is a damn good writer and a smart man, which makes The Omnivoreās Dilemma a compelling read. But I canāt stomach where it leads. In a funny way, it makes me crave corn-based Cheetos.
Ā
Excerpted from Gastronomica (Summer 2007). Copyright Ā© 2007 by the Regents of the University of California. Subscriptions: $47/yr. (4 issues) from the University of California Press Journals and Digital Publishing Division, 2000 Center St., Suite 303, Berkeley, CA 94704; www.gastronomica.org.
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Like the other writers, I don't see any basis for singling Pollan out for his focus on obesity, which is a very minor point in his book, or for finger-wagging or moral superiority, which I think he does a great job of avoiding. What his books do is to educate people about what they are eating and where it comes from, which Americans know far too little about. I don't believe that obesity is the point, nor do I believe Pollan does. I believe the point is that Americans are too far removed from the sources of their food and base their food choices on the self-serving guidance of the food industry rather than on basic nutritional education. It is hard to read Pollan's book and not feel compelled to change your eating habits -- and not because Pollan tells you to, but because you can't look at processed food the same way once you think about what's in it. The one point I do agree with is that obese people should not be stigmatized, regardless of the reasons for their obesity, and that the stigmatization of fat can have complex and often damaging psychological consequences. But this is the only defensible point in the article -- and it is not exactly new (see "Fat Is a Feminist Issue," 1978). There is plenty of data showing that the American diet is linked to the massive increase in obesity and that obesity is associated with a huge increase in health risks. The author is doing no one any favors by blowing smoke on these well-established facts. And even less so by attacking a writer who doesn't even focus on obesity much less stigmatize it but who takes what I think is the most constructive approach, namely, to focus people on understanding what they are eating and letting them decide, based on these facts, what's right for them. I, for one, think Pollan should be required reading in every classroom in America. Perhaps one in ten will decide to eat Cheetos in rebellion against his political correctness. The other nin
Although I appreciate the perspective I also think this is a terribly weak argument. Even the liberal in me is taken aback by the political correctness. While it is true that measures such as BMI fall very short in assessing total fitness and ādietsā donāt work, there are some things that are blatantly obvious. #1 As mentioned in other comments, Americans are getting fatter, especially children. BMI and social science are not required to make this stipulation. One only needs eyes. #2 Processed food is not very healthful. This is a fact. It is simply cheap and abundant. #3 Some people are better equipped to make better choices and thereby stay fit (not thin necessarily but fit). I donāt think positing this fact conveys moral superiority. #4 I am fairly certain that the āheadlessā shots of the obese in news stories and films (such as Supersize Me) are done for legal purposes so the subjects canāt be identified. I think Guthman is grasping here. Too much academic mumbo-jumbo and PC.
Guthman's article terribly weak. She makes comments to the effect that obesity is not well defined, as per BMI, and that there are not particularly well established connections to what she believes is ill-defined obesity to other human pathologies. Where has she been for the past ten years? I am 48 years old, and I can say for a fact that people are much fatter today than they were thirty years ago. Children are especially fat these days, as are the twenty somethings. BMI, basically how fat you are around your belly, is a great proxy for abdominal adipose tissue. This is born-out with studies where folks' fat is measured with CAT scans and correlated to waistlines. The abdominal adipose tissue has been found associated with heart disease, type-II diabetes, and other arterial disease. I have been reading news blurbs for years in the NYTimes about results like those above published in peer-reviewed journals. Why is Guthman trying to make a case otherwise? Is she herself fat and trying to justify herself? Is she on the payroll of ADM, or some other like-minded outfit? Jealous of Pollan's success? Where are your sources? Is this even a field in which you are qualified? Are you an economist, geographer, or other pseudo-scientist? A psychological profile of Guthman would be more illuminating than this ridiculous article. Why would the Utne reader publish this nonsense? Enjoy your Cheetos.
I think the author of this article was singling out Pollan mostly because his book has gotten so much attention. His book does talk about obesity and public health, but no more than other, similar treatises. Two points: 1. Pollan's book is excellent in its expose on food policy and effects, and I recommend it. I think the author of this article goes a little overboard on singling him out. 2. The article's main point, however, is absolutely correct. First, there isn't much medical evidence that being fat *causes* many of the health problems it occurs alongside. It seems likely, given the evidence, that obesity and diabetes, for examples, are two symptoms of the same syndrome, rather than one causing the other. The author is also correct in point out the environmental and progressive community's hypocritical, elitist and cruel scapegoating of fat people. I am, in general, a radical environmentalist. I am also a clinically obese but otherwise healthy woman. I agree with most of the points in films like Fast Food Nation, but I was hurt and disgusted by the skinny vegan filmmaker's obvious disdain for fat people. In social circles where everyone acknowledges the need to be compassionate, and where racist, sexist or homophobic comments are taboo, my friends often throw out casual comments about fat people. It's the attitude reflected perfectly in the Fast Food Nation shot the authors describes. Fat people, to prpgressive environmentalists, are apparently examples of what is wrong with our culture. Really, though, we're jsut scapegoats.
"The Omnivore's Dilemma" doesn't scold us for being fat, or eating corn-based foods; it asks us to look at where our food comes from. "...is Pollanās way the way out? ...his answer, albeit oblique, is to eat like he does. The meal that he helped forage and hunt and cooked all by himself...To what kind of politics does this lead?" Pollan doesn't suggest we should all hunt and forage each meal for ourselves. He says on page 410, of one meal at McDonald's, and his hunted-and-foraged meal, "Let us stipulate that both of these meals are equally unreal and equally unsustainable," and later, "This is not the way I want to eat every day. ...But imagine for a moment if we once again knew, strictly as a matter of course, these few unremarkable things: What it is we're eating. Where it came from. How it found its way to our table. And what, in a true accounting, it really cost." "I worry that Michael Pollan...reinforces the belief that some people ā thin people ā clearly must have seen the light that the rest are blind to." I think he talks about obesity much less than you suggest. The book is a great introduction to industrial food. Don't avoid it for fear of finger-wagging and insults...there isn't any.
locally grown is great if you've got lots of money or don't mind eating turnips all the new england winter ... speaking of which have you ever seen what obese people have in their grocery carts? try coming to my local low-income supermarket and check out the sugary sodas, fatty meats, junk food, and processed crap in their carts. yeah it tastes good and is cheap. we need simple and positive education, not people like michael pollan waxing poetic about how we can construct the perfect sustainable meal after a trip to our local Whole Foods Market, which most of us can't afford.
Julie Guthmanās article āThe Food Policeā (UTNE, Jan-Feb 2008) was a disappointingly unenlightened and poorly constructed defense of bad nutrition. Anyone who has been both fat and lean, to whatever degree, knows that lean simply feels better (letās not say thin, as thin refers to shape, lean to body composition). Regarding the āso called obesity epidemicā as she puts it, one need only take a look at photos of Americans in their swimsuits at water parks and beach resorts prior to say, 1950. Fat Americans were few and far between. And obesity may not be a health threat? Obesityās relationship to diabetes, heart disease and musculoskeletal is undisputed. In terms of its effect on longevity, how many obese people do you see over 70? How many obese people have mobility difficulties and circulatory problems due to an overly sedentary lifestyle and an excessive burden on the bones and connective tissues? It seems incredibly naive -- and unhealthy -- to suggest that the link between obesity and poor health is controversial. Pollan doesnāt directly urge his readers to write their congressmen or the USDA (does that even help?). Rather, he does something more important -- he urges us to vote with our forks. The change from industrial agriculture and processed foods to healthy locally grown foods starts at home, and it does happens āone meal at a timeā. The truth is, some people have seen the light, and others need to start paying attention. Instead of defending the indefensible, I would urge Ms. Guthman to put down the Cheetos and pick up a piece of fruit -- preferably locally grown -- instead.
Julie Guthman is wrong in her assertion that Micheal Pollan "makes no suggestion that we ought to alter the structure of our food system so that we all might come to eat better." Michael Pollan has spoken out and written commentary about the upcoming Farm Bill numerous times. His advocacy for changing the way government subsidizes the foods that make us unhealthy has been extensive. To suggest that Pollan has put himself on a moral pedistal with regards to food, while turning his back on the policies that damage the health of average Americans is simplistic and uninformed. There are many passionate people out there, in addition to Pollan, who are working hard to change the course of food policy in this country.