We live on Earth. Earth is a clump of iron and magnesium and nickel, smeared with a thin layer of organic matter, and sleeved in vapor. It whirls along in a nearly circular orbit around a minor star we call the sun.
I know, the sun doesn’t seem minor. The sun puts the energy in our salads, milkshakes, hamburgers, gas tanks, and oceans. It literally makes the world go round. And it’s huge: Earth is a chickpea and the sun is a beach ball. The sun comprises 99.9 percent of all the mass in the solar system. Which means Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc., all fit into that little 0.1 percent.
But, truly, our sun is exceedingly minor. Almost incomprehensibly minor.
We call our galaxy the Milky Way. There are at least 100 billion stars in it, and our sun is one of those. If you had a bucket with a thousand marbles in it, you would need to procure 999,999 more of those buckets to get a billion marbles. Then you’d need to repeat the process a hundred times to get as many marbles as there are stars in our galaxy.
So. Earth is massive enough to hold all of our cities and oceans and creatures in the sway of its gravity. And the sun is massive enough to hold Earth in the sway of its gravity. But the sun itself is merely a mote in the sway of the gravity of the Milky Way, at the center of which is a vast, concentrated bar of stars, around which the sun swings (carrying along Earth, Mars, Jupiter, etc.) every 230 million years or so. Our sun isn’t anywhere near the center; it’s way out on one of the galaxy’s minor arms. We live beyond the suburbs of the Milky Way. We live in Nowheresville.
But still, we are in the Milky Way. And the Milky Way is at least a major galaxy, right?
Not really. Spiral-shaped, toothpick-shaped, sombrero-shaped–in the visible universe, at any given moment, there are hundreds of thousands of millions of galaxies. Maybe as many as 125 billion. There very well may be more galaxies in the universe than there are stars in the Milky Way.
So. Let’s say there are 100 billion stars in our galaxy. And let’s say there are 100 billion galaxies in our universe. Assuming ultra-massive and dwarf galaxies average out each other, there might be 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars in the universe. That’s 10 sextillion.
Here’s a way of looking at it: There are enough stars in the universe that if everybody on Earth were charged with naming his or her share, we’d each get to name a trillion-and-a-half of them.
LAST YEAR, a handful of astronomers met in London to vote on the top 10 images taken by the Hubble Telescope in its 17 years in operation. They chose some beauties: the Cat’s Eye Nebula, the Sombrero Galaxy, the Hourglass Nebula. But conspicuously missing from their list was the Hubble Ultra Deep Field image. It is, I believe, the most incredible photograph ever taken.
In 2003, Hubble astronomers chose a random wedge of sky just below the constellation Orion and, during 400 orbits of the Earth, over the course of several months, took a photograph with a million-second-long exposure. It was like peering through an 8-foot soda straw with one big, superhuman eye at the same wedge of space for 11 consecutive nights.
What they found there was breathtaking: a shard of the early universe that contains a bewildering array of galaxies and pre-galactic lumps. Scrolling through it is eerily similar to peering at a drop of pond water through a microscope: One expects the galaxies to start squirming like paramecia. It bewilders and disorients; the dark patches swarm with questions.
What the image ultimately offers is a singular glimpse at ourselves. Like Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, it resets our understanding of who we are.
Earlier this year, astronomers discovered 204 planets outside our solar system. Chances are, many stars have planets or systems of planets swinging around them. What if most suns have solar systems? If our sun is one in 10 sextillion, could our Earth be one in 10 sextillion as well? The circumstances are mind-boggling.
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field image is an infinitesimally slender core sample drilled out of the universe. And yet inside it is enough vastness to do violence to a person’s common sense. How can the window of possibility be so unfathomably large?
Take yourself out to a field some evening after everyone else is asleep. Listen to the migrant birds whisking past in the dark; listen to the creaking and settling of the world. Think about the teeming, microscopic worlds beneath your shoes–the continents of soil, the galaxies of bacteria. Then lift your face.
The night sky is the coolest Advent calendar imaginable: It is composed of an infinite number of doors. Open one and find 10,000 galaxies hiding behind it, streaming away at hundreds of miles per second. Open another, and another. You gaze up into history; you stare into the limits of your own understanding. The past flies toward you at the speed of light. Why are you here? Why are the stars there? Is it even remotely possible that our one, tiny, eggshell world is the only one encrusted with life?
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field image should be in every classroom in the world. It should be on the president’s desk. It should probably be in every church, too.
‘To sense that behind anything that can be experienced there is a something that our mind cannot grasp and whose beauty and sublimity reaches us only indirectly and as a feeble reflection,’ Einstein once said, ‘this is religiousness.’
Whatever we believe in–God, children, nationhood–nothing can be more important than to take a moment every now and then and accept the invitation of the sky: to leave the confines of ourselves and fly off into the hugeness of the universe, to disappear into the inexplicable, the implacable, the reflection of that something our minds cannot grasp.
Anthony Doerr’s most recent book is Four Seasons in Rome (Scribner, 2007). Reprinted from Orion (July/Aug. 2007), a magazine dedicated to living wisely on Earth. Subscriptions: $40/yr. (6 issues) from Box 469090, Escondido, CA 92046; www.orionmagazine.org.
